Surveying Advanced: Top 101-200 One-Linear Q&A

Section 1: Errors & Measurements (Advanced)

101. Most probable value kya hoti hai? – Wo value jisme errors ke chances sabse kam hote hain (Arithmetic Mean).

102. Weight of an observation ka kya matlab hai? – Measurement ki reliability; ye error ke square ke inversely proportional hota ($W \propto 1/e^2$).

103. Accidental errors kis law ko follow karte hain? – Theory of Probability (Law of Errors).

104. Discrepancy kise kehte hain? – Ek hi quantity ke do measured values ke beech ka difference.

105. Systematic errors ko eliminate kaise karte hain? – Proper calculations aur corrections apply karke.

106. Tape standardization kyu zaroori hai? – Kyunki thermal expansion se tape ki asli length badal jati hai.

107. Tension correction kaisa hota hai? – Agar applied pull, standard pull se zyada hai toh Positive ($+$), warna Negative ($-$).

108. Normal Tension kise kehte hain? – Wo pull jahan Pull Correction aur Sag Correction ek dusre ko cancel kar dein.

109. Link ki length kaise measure karte hain? – Ek link ke center se agle link ke center tak.

110. Chain ki total length kahan se kahan tak hoti hai? – Dono handles ke outer ends tak.

Section 2: Compass & Traversing (Deep Analysis)

111. Magnetic Meridian samay ke saath kyu badalta hai? – Earth ke magnetic field mein badlav (Magnetic Storms) ki wajah se.

112. Secular Variation kya hai? – Wo magnetic variation jo sadiyon (centuries) mein hota hai.

113. Diurnal Variation kab zyada hota hai? – Din mein raat ke muqable aur Garmiyon mein Sardiyon ke muqable.

114. Local Attraction pehchanne ka sabse bada rule? – FB aur BB ka difference $180^\circ$ nahi hona.

115. Agar station affected hai, toh kya 'Included Angle' sahi hoga? – Haan, kyunki error dono lines par barabar hoga aur minus karne par cancel ho jayega.

116. Gale’s Traverse Table ka use kya hai? – Traverse calculations aur closing error ko check karne ke liye.

117. Omitted Measurements kya hain? – Jab field mein kuch lengths ya angles miss ho jayein toh unhe mathematically nikalna.

118. Closed Traverse mein angles ka sum kitna hota hai? – $(2n - 4) \times 90^\circ$ (Interior angles).

119. Exterior angles ka sum kitna hota hai? – $(2n + 4) \times 90^\circ$.

120. Deflection angle ki range kya hoti hai? – $0^\circ$ to $180^\circ$.

Section 3: Levelling & Contouring (Technical)

121. Sensitiveness of bubble tube kaise badhti hai? – Tube ka radius badhane se aur liquid ki viscosity ghatane se.

122. Leveling staff mein minimum reading kya hoti hai? – $0.005$ m ($5$ mm).

123. Parallax error kaise hatate hain? – Objective aur Eyepiece ko properly focus karke.

124. Inverted Staff reading kab li jati hai? – Jab point instrument station se upar ho (jaise Chhat ya Bridge ka niche ka hissa).

125. Change Point (CP) par kaunsi readings li jati hain? – Dono, FS (purana setup) aur BS (naya setup).

126. Profile Levelling kiske liye ki jati hai? – Road, Railway ya Canal ke longitudinal section ke liye.

127. Cross-sectioning kyu karte hain? – Earthwork volume calculate karne ke liye.

128. Grid Contouring kab use hoti hai? – Chote aur flat areas ke liye.

129. Radial Contouring kahan use hoti hai? – Pahadi (Hilly) ilakon mein.

130. Water surface (talab) ka contour kaisa hota hai? – Ekdum horizontal aur closed.

Section 4: Theodolite & Modern Tools

131. Double sighting kyu ki jati hai? – Instrumental errors (jaise non-perpendicularity) ko remove karne ke liye.

132. Vertical Circle ki reading kab zero hoti hai? – Jab telescope ekdum horizontal ho.

133. Index Error kya hai? – Jab vertical circle horizontal line par zero reading nahi deta.

134. Optical Square kis principle par kaam karta hai? – Double Reflection.

135. Total Station mein 'EDM' ka kya kaam hai? – Electronic Distance Measurement (infra-red rays ka use karke).

136. Prism ka role Total Station mein? – Signal ko wapas reflect karna.

137. Remote Elevation Measurement (REM) kya hai? – Bina point छुए uski height nikalna (jaise Bijli ke taar).

138. Remote Object Programming (ROP) kya hai? – Do points ke beech ka distance nikalna jahan pahunch pana mushkil ho.

139. GPS mein 'Segments' kya hain? – Space, Control, aur User segments.

140. DGPS (Differential GPS) kyu use hota hai? – Meter se centimeter tak ki accuracy paane ke liye.

Section 5: Curves & Tacheometry (Complex)

141. Simple Curve ka tangent point kise kehte hain? – Jahan straight line curve se milti hai (PC - Point of Curve).

142. Point of Tangency (PT) kya hai? – Jahan curve khatam ho kar wapas straight line banti hai.

143. Long chord ki length kab radius ke barabar hoti hai? – Jab deflection angle $60^\circ$ ho.

144. Rankine’s Method kiske liye use hota hai? – Curve setting by tangential angles (Deflection angle method).

145. Super-elevation ($e$) ka basic formula? – $e = v^2 / gR$.

146. Transition curve ki length kis par depend karti hai? – Rate of change of centrifugal acceleration par.

147. Vertical curves hamesha kaise hote hain? – Parabolic.

148. Summit curve kab banta hai? – Jab gradient upar ki taraf badhta hai.

149. Valley curve kyu diya jata hai? – Headlight sight distance aur comfort ke liye.

150. Tacheometry mein 'Stadia constant' kyu check karte hain? – Calculation ki accuracy ensure karne ke liye.

     Section 6: Plane Table Surveying (Instruments & Methods)

     151. Plane Table ka main principle kya hai? – Parallelism (Table har station par pehle station ke parallel honi chahiye).

     152. Alidade ka primary use kya hai? – Objects ko sight karna aur unki ray draw karna.

     153. Plain Alidade aur Telescopic Alidade mein kya farq hai? – Telescopic alidade se inclined sights aur badi distances accurately li ja sakti hain.

     154. Plumbing Fork (U-frame) kyu use hota hai? – Ground point ko table par accurately center karne ke liye.

     155. Trough Compass ka kaam? – Magnetic North line mark karna.

     156. Orientation ka sabse accurate method? – Back Sighting method.

     157. Magnetic Needle se orientation kab karte hain? – Jab accuracy kam chahiye ho ya stations door hon.

     158. Two-Point Problem kya hai? – Do pehle se pata points ki madad se naye station ki position fix karna.

     159. Three-Point Problem ka sabse fast method? – Tracing Paper method (Mechanical method).

     160. Bessel’s Method kya hai? – Three-point problem solve karne ka Graphical method.

     Section 7: Hydrographic Survey (Water bodies)

     161. Sounding ka kya matlab hai? – Pani ke niche depth measure karna.

     162. Fathometer (Echo Sounder) kis principle par kaam karta hai? – Sound waves ka reflection (Time interval measure karke).

     163. Sounding Rod kab use hoti hai? – Kam gehre pani ($< 5$m) ke liye.

     164. Lead Line mein weight kiska hota hai? – Lead (Sheesha) ka, jo rope ke end par bandha hota hai.

     165. Tide Gauge kyu use hota hai? – Pani ke level mein hone wale badlav (Tides) ko record karne ke liye.

     166. Mean Sea Level (MSL) kitne saalon ka average hota hai? – 19 saalon ka.

     167. India mein MSL kahan se liya jata hai? – Mumbai High (pehle Karachi tha).

     168. Shoreline Survey kyu kiya jata hai? – Nadi ya Samundar ke kinare ki boundary fix karne ke liye.

     169. Three-Point Resection hydrography mein kyu zaroori hai? – Chalti hui naav (boat) ki position fix karne ke liye.

     170. Sextant instrument ka use? – Naav se do shore objects ke beech ka horizontal angle napne ke liye.

     Section 8: Photogrammetry (Aerial Survey)

     171. Nadir Point kya hai? – Camera lens ke theek niche ground par point (vertical line).

     172. Isocenter kya hai? – Jahan tilt displacement zero hota hai.

     173. Crab (केकड़ा चाल) kyu hota hai? – Jab aeroplane ki axis flight line ke parallel nahi hoti (hawa ki wajah se).

     174. Drift kya hai? – Aeroplane ka apni asli flight path se side mein bhatak jana.

     175. Overlapping kyu zaroori hai? – 3D view (Stereoscopic vision) paane ke liye.

     176. Longitudinal Overlap kitna hona chahiye? – 60% (Commonly).

     177. Side Overlap (Lateral) kitna rakhte hain? – 30% (Commonly).

     178. Scale of Vertical Photograph? – $f / (H - h)$ ($f = \text{focal length}, H = \text{flight height}, h = \text{ground elevation}$).

     179. Stereoscope ka use? – Do overlapping photos ko 3D mein dekhne ke liye.

     180. Parallax bar kyu use hota hai? – Photos se points ki elevation nikalne ke liye.

     Section 9: Astronomy & Modern Surveying

     181. Celestial Sphere kya hai? – Ek imaginary sphere jiska radius infinite hai aur Earth center par hai.

     182. Zenith kya hai? – Observer ke theek upar celestial sphere par point.

     183. Nadir (Astronomy)? – Zenith ke theek opposite (theek niche) waala point.

     184. Azimuth kya hai? – Observer ke meridian aur star ke beech ka horizontal angle.

     185. Hour Angle? – Meridian aur star ke beech ka angle jo West ki taraf napa jaye.

     186. EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) mein kaunsi waves use hoti hain? – Light waves, Infrared, ya Microwaves.

     187. Tellurometer mein kaunsi waves hoti hain? – Microwaves.

     188. Geodimeter mein kya use hota hai? – Visible light.

     189. Total Station mein data kaise save hota hai? – Electronic Data Logger ya Microprocessor mein.

     190. GIS (Geographic Information System) kya hai? – Data ko capture, store aur analyze karne waala computer system.

     Section 10: Survey Laws, Errors & Ethics

     191. Theory of Least Squares kab apply hoti hai? – Jab measurements mein sirf accidental errors hon.

     192. Law of Accidental Errors kya kehta hai? – Chote errors hone ke chances bade errors se zyada hote hain.

     193. Error of Closure ki limit? – Ye survey ke type par depend karta hai (e.g., $1/1000$ for rough work).

     194. Legal Survey (Cadastral Survey) ka maksad? – Property lines aur land ownership fix karna.

     195. Field Note book kaise bharni chahiye? – Pencil se, bina kisi overwriting ke (Direct entry).

     196. Surveyor ka ethical kaam? – Data ko kabhi "Cook" (fake entry) nahi karna chahiye.

     197. Mistake vs Error? – Mistake laparwahi se hoti hai (jaise galat digit padhna), Error limit se bahar ki cheez hai.

     198. Double Centering kyu karte hain? – Instrument ke vertical plane aur horizontal axis ke errors hatane ke liye.

     199. Standard Deviation ($\sigma$)? – Precision measure karne ka tarika; jitna kam $ \sigma $, utni zyada precision.

     200. Map Revision kyu zaroori hai? – Time ke saath ground features (roads, buildings) badal jate hain.